Being an Oracle Professional, I like to share all my Real Life Performance Tuning Challenges and Experiences. The Content and Views on this site are my own and not necessarily those of Oracle. While, I write on my real life experiences, the resolutions mentioned are solely mine. Comments / Criticisms are always a welcome.
April 20, 2017 Leave a comment
I will be presenting at the Oracle OpenWorld 2017, Delhi scheduled for 9th and 10th May 2017. My session detail :
Session ID: CON1092
Session Title: High-Performance Database in Oracle Bare Metal Cloud Services
Hope to see you all at the OOW.
February 2, 2017 Leave a comment
There is no end to the Technical Learning. I have been working on Oracle Database Technologies for almost 15 years and thought of learning something new. This thirst got me into Big Data and Hadoop. I started a kind of a self-learning and believe me, I found it very interesting. This blog is about one of my encounter during a practice session on Hive. Usually, I blog to help my readers to know about my experiences. This is again on the same line, but will need resolution or validation from experts across the globe.
My understanding on External and Internal Table is as under:
I created an Internal Table and could observe the behavior explained above. Dropping a table removes the data as well. External table, on the other hand, does not remove it and therefore, my understanding looks fine here. Further, I was also working on a CREATE TABLE syntax and the understanding here was :
The first 2 bullet points are fine. The problem was with the third bullet point. The outcome is as under :
## let me use the database that I created for my own practice
use vivek;
drop table emp;
create table emp (
empno int comment 'This is Employee Number',
ename string comment 'Employee Name',
country string,
city string,
zipcode int)
row format delimited fields terminated by ',';
load data local inpath '/home/cloudera/emp.txt' into table emp;
hive (vivek)> select * from emp limit 5;
OK
emp.empno emp.ename emp.country emp.city emp.zipcode
3980 Lancaster USA California 118718
3981 Fort Collins USA Colorado 118652
3982 Coral Springs USA Florida 117549
3983 Stamford USA Connecticut 117083
3984 Thousand Oaks USA California 117005
## Describing the table. See the Bold and underlined text
hive (vivek)> describe formatted emp;
OK
col_name data_type comment
# col_name data_type comment
empno int This is Employee Number
ename string Employee Name
country string
city string
zipcode int
# Detailed Table Information
Database: vivek
Owner: cloudera
CreateTime: Wed Feb 01 22:22:40 PST 2017
LastAccessTime: UNKNOWN
Protect Mode: None
Retention: 0
Location: hdfs://quickstart.cloudera:8020/user/hive/warehouse/vivek.db/emp
Table Type: MANAGED_TABLE
Table Parameters:
COLUMN_STATS_ACCURATE true
numFiles 1
totalSize 3501
transient_lastDdlTime 1486016570
Time taken: 0.255 seconds, Fetched: 34 row(s)
## Now, lets create an External Table. The data for which is already copied onto Hadoop
create external table emp_ext (
empno int comment 'This is Employee Number',
ename string comment 'Employee Name',
country string,
city string,
zipcode int)
row format delimited fields terminated by ','
location '/user/cloudera/emp';
hive (vivek)> select * from emp_ext limit 5;
OK
emp_ext.empno emp_ext.ename emp_ext.country emp_ext.city emp_ext.zipcode
3980 Lancaster USA California 118718
3981 Fort Collins USA Colorado 118652
3982 Coral Springs USA Florida 117549
3983 Stamford USA Connecticut 117083
3984 Thousand Oaks USA California 117005
Time taken: 0.116 seconds, Fetched: 5 row(s)
## Describing the table. See the Bold and underlined text
hive (vivek)> describe formatted emp_ext;
OK
col_name data_type comment
# col_name data_type comment
empno int This is Employee Number
ename string Employee Name
country string
city string
zipcode int
# Detailed Table Information
Database: vivek
Owner: cloudera
CreateTime: Wed Feb 01 22:31:25 PST 2017
LastAccessTime: UNKNOWN
Protect Mode: None
Retention: 0
Location: hdfs://quickstart.cloudera:8020/user/cloudera/emp
Table Type: EXTERNAL_TABLE
Table Parameters:
COLUMN_STATS_ACCURATE false
EXTERNAL TRUE
numFiles 0
numRows -1
rawDataSize -1
totalSize 0
transient_lastDdlTime 1486017085
Time taken: 0.216 seconds, Fetched: 37 row(s)
Both the tables contain same data with the difference that EMP is Internal Table and EMP_EXT is an External Table. Internal Table created a directory into HDFS as can be seen from the DESCRIBE FORMATTED OUTPUT for EMP. The directory is /user/hive/warehouse/vivek.db/emp. Dropping EMP will remove this data as well, which is tried and tested. Next, I will create another table from EMP_EXT and will not specify INTERNAL or EXTERNAL keyword.
hive (vivek)> create table emp_ext1 like emp_ext location '/user/cloudera/emp';
OK
Time taken: 0.21 seconds
hive (vivek)> select * from emp_ext1 limit 5;
OK
emp_ext1.empno emp_ext1.ename emp_ext1.country emp_ext1.city emp_ext1.zipcode
3980 Lancaster USA California 118718
3981 Fort Collins USA Colorado 118652
3982 Coral Springs USA Florida 117549
3983 Stamford USA Connecticut 117083
3984 Thousand Oaks USA California 117005
Time taken: 0.107 seconds, Fetched: 5 row(s)
## Next, Describe the new table. See the bold and underlined text
hive (vivek)> describe formatted emp_ext1;
OK
col_name data_type comment
# col_name data_type comment
empno int This is Employee Number
ename string Employee Name
country string
city string
zipcode int
# Detailed Table Information
Database: vivek
Owner: cloudera
CreateTime: Wed Feb 01 22:41:23 PST 2017
LastAccessTime: UNKNOWN
Protect Mode: None
Retention: 0
Location: hdfs://quickstart.cloudera:8020/user/cloudera/emp
Table Type: MANAGED_TABLE
Table Parameters:
COLUMN_STATS_ACCURATE false
numFiles 0
numRows -1
rawDataSize -1
totalSize 0
transient_lastDdlTime 1486017683
Time taken: 0.275 seconds, Fetched: 36 row(s)
The table metadata says that its an Internal Table also referred as MANAGED Tables. My understanding that creating a table from an external table will implicitly create an External table looks to be wrong here. Now, in this case, the location is /user/cloudera/emp which is also shared by EMP_EXT table. I dropped the EMP_EXT1 table to check the impact of this on EMP_EXT.
hive (vivek)> drop table emp_ext1; OK Time taken: 0.482 seconds hive (vivek)> show tables; OK tab_name emp emp_ext Time taken: 0.097 seconds, Fetched: 2 row(s) hive (vivek)> select * from emp_ext limit 5; OK emp_ext.empno emp_ext.ename emp_ext.country emp_ext.city emp_ext.zipcode Time taken: 0.122 seconds
The drop command removed the data from HDFS and querying EMP_EXT fetched no results. This means, even if you create a table from an External table, without specifying EXTERNAL keyword for the CREATE TABLE command, it will create an INTERNAL TABLE. I reconstructed the data again i.e. dropped EMP_EXT and EMP_EXT1.
[cloudera@quickstart ~]$ hadoop fs -ls /user/cloudera/emp
Found 1 items
-rw-r--r-- 1 cloudera cloudera 3501 2017-02-01 22:49 /user/cloudera/emp/emp.txt
use vivek;
hive (vivek)> create external table emp_ext (
> empno int comment 'This is Employee Number',
> ename string comment 'Employee Name',
> country string,
> city string,
> zipcode int)
> row format delimited fields terminated by ','
> location '/user/cloudera/emp';
OK
Time taken: 0.601 seconds
hive (vivek)> select * from emp_ext limit 5;
OK
emp_ext.empno emp_ext.ename emp_ext.country emp_ext.city emp_ext.zipcode
3980 Lancaster USA California 118718
3981 Fort Collins USA Colorado 118652
3982 Coral Springs USA Florida 117549
3983 Stamford USA Connecticut 117083
3984 Thousand Oaks USA California 117005
Time taken: 0.698 seconds, Fetched: 5 row(s)
hive (vivek)> describe formatted emp_ext;
OK
col_name data_type comment
# col_name data_type comment
empno int This is Employee Number
ename string Employee Name
country string
city string
zipcode int
# Detailed Table Information
Database: vivek
Owner: cloudera
CreateTime: Wed Feb 01 22:51:46 PST 2017
LastAccessTime: UNKNOWN
Protect Mode: None
Retention: 0
Location: hdfs://quickstart.cloudera:8020/user/cloudera/emp
Table Type: EXTERNAL_TABLE
Table Parameters:
COLUMN_STATS_ACCURATE false
EXTERNAL TRUE
numFiles 0
numRows -1
rawDataSize -1
totalSize 0
transient_lastDdlTime 1486018306
Time taken: 0.287 seconds, Fetched: 37 row(s)
## Will Create EMP_EXT1
hive (vivek)> create table emp_ext1 like emp_ext location '/user/cloudera/emp';
OK
Time taken: 0.155 seconds
hive (vivek)> select * from emp_ext1 limit 5;
OK
emp_ext1.empno emp_ext1.ename emp_ext1.country emp_ext1.city emp_ext1.zipcode
3980 Lancaster USA California 118718
3981 Fort Collins USA Colorado 118652
3982 Coral Springs USA Florida 117549
3983 Stamford USA Connecticut 117083
3984 Thousand Oaks USA California 117005
Time taken: 0.131 seconds, Fetched: 5 row(s)
hive (vivek)> describe formatted emp_ext1;
OK
col_name data_type comment
# col_name data_type comment
empno int This is Employee Number
ename string Employee Name
country string
city string
zipcode int
# Detailed Table Information
Database: vivek
Owner: cloudera
CreateTime: Wed Feb 01 22:53:31 PST 2017
LastAccessTime: UNKNOWN
Protect Mode: None
Retention: 0
Location: hdfs://quickstart.cloudera:8020/user/cloudera/emp
Table Type: MANAGED_TABLE
Table Parameters:
COLUMN_STATS_ACCURATE false
numFiles 0
numRows -1
rawDataSize -1
totalSize 0
transient_lastDdlTime 1486018411
Time taken: 0.258 seconds, Fetched: 36 row(s)
The output is same as what it was during our previous execution. I am investigating it further whether my understanding “CREATE TABLE table_name like external_table_name will create an External table as I am creating a Table from an External Table” is wrong or whether it was valid for the earlier versions of Hive. Just for curiosity, I made following changes and Wow..dropping the table didn’t remove the underlying data from HDFS.
hive (vivek)> alter table emp_ext1 set TBLPROPERTIES('table type'='EXTERNAL_TABLE');
OK
Time taken: 0.375 seconds
hive (vivek)> alter table emp_ext1 set TBLPROPERTIES('EXTERNAL'='TRUE');
OK
Time taken: 0.268 seconds
hive (vivek)> describe formatted emp_ext1;
OK
col_name data_type comment
# col_name data_type comment
empno int This is Employee Number
ename string Employee Name
country string
city string
zipcode int
# Detailed Table Information
Database: vivek
Owner: cloudera
CreateTime: Wed Feb 01 22:53:31 PST 2017
LastAccessTime: UNKNOWN
Protect Mode: None
Retention: 0
Location: hdfs://quickstart.cloudera:8020/user/cloudera/emp
Table Type: EXTERNAL_TABLE
Table Parameters:
COLUMN_STATS_ACCURATE false
EXTERNAL TRUE
last_modified_by cloudera
last_modified_time 1486019158
numFiles 0
numRows -1
rawDataSize -1
table type EXTERNAL_TABLE
totalSize 0
transient_lastDdlTime 1486019158
Time taken: 0.206 seconds, Fetched: 40 row(s)
hive (vivek)> select * from emp_ext1 limit 5;
OK
emp_ext1.empno emp_ext1.ename emp_ext1.country emp_ext1.city emp_ext1.zipcode
3980 Lancaster USA California 118718
3981 Fort Collins USA Colorado 118652
3982 Coral Springs USA Florida 117549
3983 Stamford USA Connecticut 117083
3984 Thousand Oaks USA California 117005
Time taken: 0.157 seconds, Fetched: 5 row(s)
hive (vivek)> drop table emp_ext1;
OK
Time taken: 0.207 seconds
hive (vivek)> select * from emp_ext limit 5;
OK
emp_ext.empno emp_ext.ename emp_ext.country emp_ext.city emp_ext.zipcode
3980 Lancaster USA California 118718
3981 Fort Collins USA Colorado 118652
3982 Coral Springs USA Florida 117549
3983 Stamford USA Connecticut 117083
3984 Thousand Oaks USA California 117005
Time taken: 0.159 seconds, Fetched: 5 row(s)
The ALTER TABLE command changed the properties of the Table from Managed to External and droping this table didn’t drop tbe underlying data from HDFS, which was evident from the fact that I could query from EMP_EXT.
Looking for the answer to my query – CREATE TABLE table_name LIKE external_table – Will it create an Internal Table or an External Table ?
January 6, 2017 Leave a comment
Mumbai Chapter of All India Oracle User group has organized a Tech Day on 21st January 2017. I am presenting too and this time on a new topic “Basics of Big Data”. Please do join us and motivate the Mumbai Chapter Team for more such events in future. For Registration and Detailed Agenda, please click on the following link:
December 19, 2016 Leave a comment
Few months back, I completed a technical review of an upcoming book titled “Effective SQL: 61 specific ways of writing effective SQL”. This book focuses on widely used Relational Databases and, no doubt, Oracle is one of these. My review was specifically on Oracle SQL. Got to know from the publisher that this book is scheduled to be out in the market by Friday, 23rd December 2016. The book can be ordered from the following link:
effective-sql-61-specific-ways-to-write-better-sql-9780134578897
December 14, 2016 1 Comment
This is the final part of my 4 part series on Optimizer. The previous 3 parts can be viewed clicking the following links:
In this blog, I will go through the 12c enhancements. Before we go through the 12c enhancement, let me also briefly cover the real life example that motivated me to write this series. I covered this in Part III. In that post, I missed to paste the relevant output of 10053 trace file, so let me take this up again in this post.
The problem query and it’s run time plan is pasted below.
select count(*) from nca.s_p_attributes a1
WHERE a1.value='olwassenen';
COUNT(*)
------------
591168
SQL> select plan_table_output from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID 79dfpvydpk710, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select count(*) from nca.s_p_attributes a1 WHERE
a1.value='olwassenen’
----------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
----------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1|
|* 2 | INDEX SKIP SCAN | SP_P_IND3 | 8|
----------------------------------------------------------
As can be seen, the optimizer calculation is way out (Actuals = 591168 v/s Assumptions=8). Believe me, the table and the column used in the WHERE predicate has a height balanced histogram on it. This will be clearly visible in the 10053 trace. The relevant portion of the 10053 trace is as under.
SINGLE TABLE ACCESS PATH
Single Table Cardinality Estimation for S_P_ATTRIBUTES[A1]
Column (#3):
NewDensity:0.000000, OldDensity:0.001202 BktCnt:254, PopBktCnt:122, PopValCnt:20, NDV:35078144
Column (#3): VALUE(
AvgLen: 11 NDV: 35078144 Nulls: 0 Density: 0.000000
Histogram: HtBal #Bkts: 254 UncompBkts: 254 EndPtVals: 153
Table: S_P_ATTRIBUTES Alias: A1
Card: Original: 541600373.000000 Rounded: 8 Computed: 8.02 Non Adjusted: 8.02
This was a Non-Popular value and therefore, the selectivity calculation for Non-Popular value (NewDensity in 10053) is as under:
[(NPBKTCNT)/(BKTCNT * (NDV – POPVALCNT))]
[(254-122)/(254 * (35078144-20))] = 132/(254 * 35078124) = 132/8909843496 = 0.0000000148
The calculated selectivity multiplied by the number of rows in the table is the expected cardinality i.e. 0.0000000148*541600373=8.
Now, let’s briefly discuss the 12c Enhancements. Oracle Database 12c introduced additional histograms. These are : Top-n Frequency and Hybrid Histograms. There are few criteria’s for these histograms to be generated. The criteria is :
Following variables are used - n - Number of Buckets either explicitly specified or left to default (254) NDV - Number of Distinct Values in the Column p - Internal Percentage, which is calculated as (1-(1/n))*100 If Data Skew Observed ? If NDV > n ? If estimate_percent => auto_sample_size ? if %of rows for topn frequent values >= p ? generate topn frequency histogram; else if generate hybrid histogram; end if; else if generate height balanced histogram; end if; else if generate frequency histogram; end if; end if;
For the simplicity, I have color coded each IF-ELSE-ENDIF statement. From the preceding pseudo-code, it is clear that to generate 12c specific histograms, we need to specify estimate_percent as auto_sample_size, which is a default. So, if your statistics gathering policy states manual percentage for estimate, then it won’t gather these new histograms. The new auto_sample_size algorithm has improved a lot and therefore, you can safely change the manual estimate to auto.
The value of p requires some explanation. It is calculated as (1-(1/n))*100, where n is the number of buckets specified during stats gathering. Consider following 4 examples :
Example 1 : PROD_ID has 72 Distinct Values. As the bucket size specified is 100, which is more than the number of distinct values, Optimizer will generate Frequency Histogram.
execute dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>'SH',tabname=>'SALES',method_opt=>'for columns PROD_ID size 100');
Example 2 : PROD_ID has 72 Distinct Values. In this case, the number of bucket (n) is less than the number of distinct values (72). However, the script explicitly estimates the percent as 30 and therefore, it will generate Height Balanced Histogram.
execute dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>'SH',tabname=>'SALES',method_opt=>'for columns PROD_ID size 50', estimate_percent=>30);
Example 3 : PROD_ID has 72 Distinct Values. In this case, the number of bucket (n) is less than the number of distinct values (72). No estimate_percent specified means, it is left to default, which is AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE. In this case, the decision on Hybrid or Top-N Frequency will be basis the value of p. The calcution for p is (1-(1/50))*100 = 98%. This means, if the top 50 distinct PROD_ID occupy more than 98% rows then, it will be a TopN Frequency, else it will be a Hybrid Histogram. We shall see this in action.
execute dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>'SH',tabname=>'SALES',method_opt=>'for columns PROD_ID size 50');
Example : Our own table (TEST_SELECTIVITY) that we created for testing purpose in Optimizer – Part I. In this case, I am generating statistics using method_opt=>’for all columns size AUTO’. The columns will be considered basis the data available in COL_USAGE$, which is populated post execution of any query against a table and column. Column AMOUNT_SOLD has 636 Distinct values, which is higher than 254 (default buckets). The value of n is 254 and p will be (1-(1/254))*100 = 99.61. This means, if the number of rows occupied by top 254 distinct values is more than 99.61%, then it will be TopN Frequency, else it will be Hybrid.
execute dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(user,'TEST_SELECTIVITY',method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO');
select column_id, column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls,
density, histogram
from dba_tab_columns
where owner='SCOTT'
and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'
and column_name='AMOUNT_SOLD'
order by 1;
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
---------- ------------------------------ ------------ ---------- ---------- -------------------------
6 AMOUNT_SOLD 636 0 .000361 HYBRID
SQL> select round((1-(1/254))*100,2) value_p from dual;
VALUE_P
----------
99.61
## I have 800000 Rows in the table. So, 99.61% of 800000 is 796850.
## My Statistics Gathering command generated HYBRID, which means,
## the top 254 distinct values occupy less than 99.61% or less than 796850 rows
SQL> select round((1-(1/254))*800000,0) value_p from dual;
VALUE_P
----------
796850
## Query to check Running Count and %Age
## My Top 254 values occupy 776524, which is less than 796850
## My Top 254 values occupy 97.09%, which is less than 99.61%
## Therefore, the script generated HYBRID Histogram.
SQL> select rownum, amount_sold, cnt, running_cnt, running_perc from (
2 select amount_sold, cnt, running_cnt,
3 sum(r_perc) over(order by cnt desc) running_perc from (
4 select amount_sold, cnt, sum(cnt) over(order by cnt desc) running_cnt,
5 round(ratio_to_report(cnt) over()*100,2) r_perc from (
6 select amount_sold, count(*) cnt from test_selectivity group by amount_sold order by 2 desc))
7 order by cnt desc);
ROWNUM AMOUNT_SOLD CNT RUNNING_CNT RUNNING_PERC
---------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------
1 10 33600 33600 4.2
2 9 31964 65564 8.2
3 11 28850 94414 11.81
4 13 26968 121382 15.18
5 47 26934 148316 18.55
6 48 26114 174430 21.81
7 8 24906 199336 24.92
8 49 24239 223575 27.95
9 46 18784 242359 30.3
10 23 17014 259373 32.43
11 21 16965 276338 34.55
12 24 16246 292584 36.58
13 22 15954 308538 38.57
14 25 15782 324320 40.54
15 51 14906 339226 42.4
16 30 12932 352158 44.02
17 7 12030 364188 45.52
18 26 11958 376146 47.01
19 17 11585 387731 48.46
20 12 11547 399278 49.9
21 52 11344 410622 51.32
22 28 11227 421849 52.72
23 29 10728 432577 54.06
24 14 10180 442757 55.33
25 53 10059 452816 56.59
26 31 9907 462723 57.83
27 19 9682 472405 59.04
28 39 9571 481976 60.24
29 33 9145 491121 61.38
30 38 9027 500148 62.51
31 54 8468 508616 63.57
32 42 8177 516793 64.59
33 32 8017 524810 65.59
34 27 7651 532461 66.55
35 34 7617 540078 67.5
36 63 6607 546685 68.33
37 20 6582 553267 69.15
38 64 6575 559842 69.97
39 56 6204 566046 70.75
40 40 6060 572106 71.51
41 57 5723 577829 72.23
42 50 5511 583340 72.92
43 35 5388 588728 73.59
44 15 5219 593947 74.24
45 60 5195 599142 74.89
46 36 5062 604204 75.52
47 58 5031 609235 76.15
48 16 4903 614138 76.76
49 41 4831 618969 77.36
50 18 4562 623531 77.93
51 62 4542 628073 78.5
52 59 4421 632494 79.05
53 45 4311 636805 79.59
54 43 3946 640751 80.08
55 65 3625 644376 80.53
56 55 3372 647748 80.95
57 123 2852 650600 81.31
58 44 2327 652927 81.6
59 126 2296 655223 81.89
60 203 2286 657509 82.18
61 115 2200 659709 82.46
62 61 2187 661896 82.73
63 211 2105 664001 82.99
64 213 2032 666033 83.24
65 91 2022 668055 83.49
66 128 1953 670008 83.73
67 113 1837 671845 83.96
68 629 1799 673644 84.18
69 73 1656 675300 84.39
70 100 1641 676941 84.6
71 72 1596 678537 84.8
72 602 1577 680114 85
73 37 1547 681661 85.19
74 101 1533 683194 85.38
75 66 1450 684644 85.56
76 127 1402 686046 85.74
77 71 1333 687379 85.91
78 74 1314 688693 86.07
79 163 1243 689936 86.23
80 94 1237 691173 86.38
81 210 1214 692387 86.53
82 121 1139 693526 86.67
83 160 1127 694653 86.81
84 69 1111 695764 86.95
85 70 1106 696870 87.09
86 225 1101 697971 87.23
87 168 1097 699068 87.37
88 116 1088 700156 87.51
89 307 1069 701225 87.64
90 152 1063 702288 87.77
91 134 1055 703343 87.9
92 170 1034 704377 88.03
93 77 1020 705397 88.16
94 97 1012 706409 88.29
95 151 1011 707420 88.42
96 594 992 708412 88.54
97 630 919 709331 88.65
98 67 906 711143 88.87
99 214 906 711143 88.87
100 76 905 712048 88.98
101 96 897 712945 89.09
102 180 864 713809 89.2
103 136 855 714664 89.31
104 208 847 715511 89.42
105 114 835 716346 89.52
106 135 829 717175 89.62
107 610 809 717984 89.72
108 167 803 718787 89.82
109 202 787 719574 89.92
110 133 784 720358 90.02
111 600 779 721137 90.12
112 120 774 721911 90.22
113 84 771 722682 90.32
114 178 769 723451 90.42
115 117 764 724215 90.52
116 95 761 724976 90.62
117 1000 758 725734 90.71
118 306 735 726469 90.8
119 199 734 727203 90.89
120 125 718 727921 90.98
121 303 688 728609 91.07
122 112 686 729295 91.16
123 639 679 729974 91.24
124 179 670 730644 91.32
125 228 665 731309 91.4
126 177 663 731972 91.48
127 1577 646 732618 91.56
128 159 630 733248 91.64
129 539 628 733876 91.72
130 205 623 734499 91.8
131 89 614 735113 91.88
132 90 599 735712 91.95
133 216 582 736294 92.02
134 547 579 736873 92.09
135 1050 564 737437 92.16
136 557 557 737994 92.23
137 119 552 738546 92.3
138 99 536 739082 92.37
139 1016 528 739610 92.44
140 78 521 740131 92.51
141 93 510 740641 92.57
142 217 485 741126 92.63
143 304 481 741607 92.69
144 1053 480 742087 92.75
145 1068 477 742564 92.81
146 1496 476 743040 92.87
147 1014 475 743515 92.93
148 206 474 743989 92.99
149 1004 468 744457 93.05
150 1065 462 744919 93.11
151 1566 461 745380 93.17
152 156 458 745838 93.23
153 207 457 746295 93.29
154 140 452 746747 93.35
155 142 451 747198 93.41
156 1260 448 747646 93.47
157 552 447 748093 93.53
158 1599 442 748535 93.59
159 222 433 748968 93.64
160 212 424 749392 93.69
161 1698 422 749814 93.74
162 215 416 750230 93.79
163 1240 415 750645 93.84
164 85 408 751053 93.89
165 155 403 751456 93.94
166 148 401 751857 93.99
167 554 399 752256 94.04
168 900 395 752651 94.09
169 556 391 753042 94.14
170 1118 388 753430 94.19
171 75 384 753814 94.24
172 88 382 754196 94.29
173 302 375 754571 94.34
174 1057 372 754943 94.39
175 1029 368 755311 94.44
176 1321 366 755677 94.49
177 1109 365 756042 94.54
178 79 356 756398 94.58
179 102 354 756752 94.62
180 1729 344 757096 94.66
181 204 341 757437 94.7
182 659 339 758454 94.82
183 195 339 758454 94.82
184 1551 339 758454 94.82
185 98 337 758791 94.86
186 169 323 759114 94.9
187 562 322 759436 94.94
188 1195 320 759756 94.98
189 1215 318 760074 95.02
190 936 317 760391 95.06
191 68 313 760704 95.1
192 187 310 761014 95.14
193 548 309 761632 95.22
194 1714 309 761632 95.22
195 1217 308 761940 95.26
196 468 307 762554 95.34
197 1297 307 762554 95.34
198 1656 305 762859 95.38
199 608 303 763162 95.42
200 124 301 763463 95.46
201 150 299 763762 95.5
202 1206 294 764056 95.54
203 181 293 764642 95.62
204 106 293 764642 95.62
205 288 288 764930 95.66
206 1078 286 765216 95.7
207 158 283 765499 95.74
208 1633 282 765781 95.78
209 154 277 766058 95.81
210 1556 274 766606 95.87
211 1061 274 766606 95.87
212 161 273 766879 95.9
213 1176 270 767149 95.93
214 914 268 767417 95.96
215 490 267 767684 95.99
216 289 261 767945 96.02
217 1758 256 768713 96.11
218 1353 256 768713 96.11
219 1045 256 768713 96.11
220 1508 255 768968 96.14
221 196 249 769217 96.17
222 183 248 769465 96.2
223 1674 246 769711 96.23
224 1237 244 769955 96.26
225 1531 243 770198 96.29
226 1421 242 771166 96.41
227 118 242 771166 96.41
228 544 242 771166 96.41
229 1501 242 771166 96.41
230 1304 235 771636 96.47
231 1076 235 771636 96.47
232 842 232 771868 96.5
233 561 230 772098 96.53
234 143 228 772326 96.56
235 632 222 772548 96.59
236 193 216 772980 96.65
237 305 216 772980 96.65
238 596 215 773195 96.68
239 194 209 773613 96.74
240 1003 209 773613 96.74
241 131 207 773820 96.77
242 1553 206 774026 96.8
243 937 202 774430 96.86
244 580 202 774430 96.86
245 1125 201 774631 96.89
246 200 194 774825 96.91
247 524 193 775018 96.93
248 947 192 775594 96.99
249 141 192 775594 96.99
250 1709 192 775594 96.99
251 1488 189 775783 97.01
252 1334 187 775970 97.03
253 281 186 776156 97.05
254 1227 184 776524 97.09 <-- Top 254 Distinct Values
255 1703 184 776524 97.09
.....
.....
.....
.....
624 1231 1 800000 99.94
625 1177 1 800000 99.94
626 1638 1 800000 99.94
627 1189 1 800000 99.94
628 162 1 800000 99.94
629 81 1 800000 99.94
630 647 1 800000 99.94
631 584 1 800000 99.94
632 619 1 800000 99.94
633 1036 1 800000 99.94
634 708 1 800000 99.94
635 518 1 800000 99.94
636 522 1 800000 99.94
Next, I gather statistics on PRODUCTS table under SH Schema. This table has 72 rows with 22 Distinct values in PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID column. First, I gather statistics using 10 Buckets. Optimizer will generate HYBRID Histogram, as the number of rows occupied by Top 10 Distinct values is less than than the value of p (1-(1/10)) = 90%. Then, I will generate using 18 Buckets and this time, it will be TopN Frequency, as the number of rows occupied by Top 18 Distinct Values is more than the value of p (1-(1/18)) = 94%.
SQL> select table_name, num_rows from dba_tables where table_name='PRODUCTS';
TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS
------------------------------ ----------
PRODUCTS 72
SQL> select column_name, num_distinct from dba_tab_columns
2 where table_name='PRODUCTS'
3 and owner='SH'
4 and column_name='PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID';
COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT
------------------------------ ------------
PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID 22
SQL> select 1-(1/10) from dual;
1-(1/10)
----------
.9
SQL> select round((1-(1/10))*72,0) from dual;
ROUND((1-(1/10))*72,0)
----------------------
65
SQL> compute sum of running_sum on report
SQL> break on report
SQL> select rownum, prod_subcategory_id, cnt, running_cnt, running_perc from (
2 select prod_subcategory_id, cnt,
3 sum(cnt) over(order by cnt desc) running_cnt,
4 sum(r_perc) over(order by cnt desc) running_perc from (
5 select prod_subcategory_id, cnt, round(ratio_to_report(cnt) over()*100,2) r_perc from (
6 select prod_subcategory_id, count(*) cnt from products group by prod_subcategory_id order by 2 desc))
7 order by cnt desc);
ROWNUM PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID CNT RUNNING_CNT RUNNING_PERC
---------- ------------------- ---------- ----------- ------------
1 2014 8 8 11.11
2 2055 7 15 20.83
3 2032 6 27 37.49
4 2054 6 27 37.49
5 2056 5 47 65.25
6 2051 5 47 65.25
7 2031 5 47 65.25
8 2042 5 47 65.25
9 2036 4 51 70.81
10 2043 3 54 74.98 <-- Less than 90% or 65 Rows (HYBRID)
11 2033 2 66 91.66
12 2035 2 66 91.66
13 2053 2 66 91.66
14 2012 2 66 91.66
15 2013 2 66 91.66
16 2034 2 66 91.66
17 2021 1 72 100
18 2011 1 72 100
19 2044 1 72 100
20 2041 1 72 100
21 2022 1 72 100
22 2052 1 72 100
22 rows selected.
## STATS WITH BUCKET 10
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>'SH',tabname=>'PRODUCTS',method_opt=>'for columns prod_subcategory_id size 10');
SQL> select column_id, column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls,
2 density, histogram
3 from dba_tab_columns
4 where owner='SH'
5 and table_name='PRODUCTS'
6 and column_name='PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID';
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
---------- ------------------------------ ------------ ---------- ---------- -------------------------
5 PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID 22 0 .044976 HYBRID
SQL> select (1-(1/18)) from dual;
(1-(1/18))
----------
.944444444
SQL> select round((1-(1/18))*72,0) from dual;
ROUND((1-(1/18))*72,0)
----------------------
68
SQL> select rownum, prod_subcategory_id, cnt, running_cnt, running_perc from (
2 select prod_subcategory_id, cnt,
3 sum(cnt) over(order by cnt desc) running_cnt,
4 sum(r_perc) over(order by cnt desc) running_perc from (
5 select prod_subcategory_id, cnt, round(ratio_to_report(cnt) over()*100,2) r_perc from (
6 select prod_subcategory_id, count(*) cnt from products group by prod_subcategory_id order by 2 desc))
7 order by cnt desc);
ROWNUM PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID CNT RUNNING_CNT RUNNING_PERC
---------- ------------------- ---------- ----------- ------------
1 2014 8 8 11.11
2 2055 7 15 20.83
3 2032 6 27 37.49
4 2054 6 27 37.49
5 2056 5 47 65.25
6 2051 5 47 65.25
7 2031 5 47 65.25
8 2042 5 47 65.25
9 2036 4 51 70.81
10 2043 3 54 74.98
11 2033 2 66 91.66
12 2035 2 66 91.66
13 2053 2 66 91.66
14 2012 2 66 91.66
15 2013 2 66 91.66
16 2034 2 66 91.66
17 2021 1 72 100
18 2011 1 72 100 <-- More than 94% or 68 Rows
19 2044 1 72 100
20 2041 1 72 100
21 2022 1 72 100
22 2052 1 72 100
22 rows selected.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname=>'SH',tabname=>'PRODUCTS',method_opt=>'for columns prod_subcategory_id size 18');
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select column_id, column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls,
2 density, histogram
3 from dba_tab_columns
4 where owner='SH'
5 and table_name='PRODUCTS'
6 and column_name='PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID';
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
---------- ------------------------------ ------------ ---------- ---------- -------------------------
5 PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID 22 0 .006944444 TOP-FREQUENCY
In this blog, I have tried to explain the underlying calculation by way of which 12c introduced histograms are generated. Hope, the explanation were clear. As always, comments are welcome.
October 7, 2016 Leave a comment
Sangam 2016, an Annual Event organized by All India Oracle User Group is just a 35 days from now. It is scheduled for 11th and 12th November in Bangalore. A chance to meet and listen to World renowned speakers from all over the world. Visit Sangam 2016 for more details about the event, the speakers, their sessions etc.
I am presenting 2 back to back sessions on Cost Based Optimizer. My session is on 12th November 2016. Hope to see you all in large numbers :). I will also be hosting an In-Memory Demo Booth, along with the Product Management Team from US.
October 6, 2016 3 Comments
Finally, got some time to write the third post of this series. The Optimizer – Part I and Optimizer – Part II are the best reference before reading this post. From the Part II, we inferred that :
However, with a minor change, which was on a copy of TEST_SELECTIVITY table, the equation changed to:
A small change triggered a mismatch in the cardinality calculations of TIME_ID column, which was otherwise nearly accurate. For a Query Performance, optimal execution plan is very critical and for an optimal execution plan, it is very important that the Optimizer comes out with an accurate cardinality. As we have seen, in our previous blogs, SELECTIVITY is another significant factor and is the starting point for the Optimizer. While Cardinality is calculated by the Optimizer, Selectivity is (in most of the cases) stored in the data dictionary, by way of Statistics gathered using dbms_stats (or any other method provided by some Application Vendors).
Optimizer is a piece of code. The default behaviour (at least for a newly created table) of the optimizer is that it considers the data distribution as UNIFORM. For example, in our case (before the minor change), the data in TIME_ID column was Uniform and therefore, the optimizer calculation was nearly accurate. However, the other two columns (AMOUNT_SOLD & PROMO_ID), the data was non-uniform and therefore, Optimizer assumption v/s the actual data distribution were way out. After the table creation, the statistics were gathered automatically (as a part new feature of 12c). In 11g or earlier versions, you will have to gather the statistics manually. You should see the same results. The initial statistics were fed to the optimizer as a Uniform data. See below :
COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY ------------------ ------------ ---------- ---------- AMOUNT_SOLD 636 0 .001572327 CUST_ID 7056 0 .000141723 PROD_ID 72 0 .013888889 PROMO_ID 4 0 .25 QUANTITY_SOLD 1 0 1 TIME_ID 1096 0 .000912409
How do we fix the problem of Mis-Estimates? In this case, the DENSITY column was used as a SELECTIVITY and for each of the columns, it is calculated as if the data is Uniform. This mis-calculation resulted in errorneous optimizer calculation. How do we fix it? As mentioned, optimizer is a piece of code and it has to come out with it’s calculation based on the input provided. In the absence of additional statistics or accurate statistics, Optimizer will assume UNIFORM distribution and will mis-calculate the SELECTIVITY and the CARDINALITY, as we have seen with our test cases. We have to provide accurate inputs for the optimizer to come up with nearly accurate statistics and one approach to provide these additional and accurate statistics are Histograms.
Let us regather statistics on the table again and check the change in the DENSITY value for each of the columns.
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(user,'TEST_SELECTIVITY', method_opt=>'for all columns size auto', estimate_percent=>100);
The resultant output is as below:
select column_id, column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls,
density, histogram
from dba_tab_columns
where owner='SCOTT'
and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'
order by 1;
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
---------- ----------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- --------------------
1 PROD_ID 72 0 .013888889 NONE
2 CUST_ID 7056 0 .000141723 NONE
3 TIME_ID 1096 0 .000912409 NONE
4 PROMO_ID 4 0 .000000625 FREQUENCY
5 QUANTITY_SOLD 1 0 1 NONE
6 AMOUNT_SOLD 636 0 .0018217 HEIGHT BALANCED
The Density for the two out of the three columns is changed and the HISTOGRAM column gives an additional information that we have some additional statistics on the two columns.
There are 2 questions here
The answer to the first question is that the queries on each of the tables and each of the columns are tracked in SYS.COL_USAGE$. The subsequent stats gathering job will refer to this table to get the column details on which the additional statistics are required. See below :
exec dbms_stats.flush_database_monitoring_info();
select intcol#, column_name, equality_preds, RANGE_PREDS
from sys.col_usage$ cu, dba_tab_columns tc
where obj# = (select data_object_id from dba_objects
where object_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY')
and cu.intcol# = tc.column_id
and tc.table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY';
INTCOL# COLUMN_NAME EQUALITY_PREDS RANGE_PREDS
---------- ----------------- -------------- -----------
6 AMOUNT_SOLD 1 1
4 PROMO_ID 1 0
3 TIME_ID 1 1
The answer to the second question is for the other columns (except TIME_ID), there were no queries executed, thus there were no information collected in COL_USAGE$. For the TIME_ID, there are no HISTOGRAMS even though we executed few queries (and COL_USAGE$ has an entry). The data in this column is UNIFORM and this is the additional check, that is internally made at the time of gathering statistics. During statistics generation, sample data for each of the column is computed and data is validated. If the data is found to be UNIFORM, no histograms are generated as it is a resource intensive process and generating histogram will not make any sense (at least not worth the resources required to generate histograms).
If you recollect from our Part II, the minor changes on the TIME_ID column was on another table TEST_SELECTIVITY_M, which was an exact replica of TEST_SELECTIVITY. If we gather statistics on TEST_SELECTIVITY_M, let’s see the results.
select column_id, column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls,
density, histogram
from dba_tab_columns
where owner='SCOTT'
and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY_M'
order by 1;
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
---------- -------------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------------
1 PROD_ID 72 0 .013888889 NONE
2 CUST_ID 7056 0 .000141723 NONE
3 TIME_ID 1097 0 .000914025 HEIGHT BALANCED
4 PROMO_ID 4 0 .25 NONE
5 QUANTITY_SOLD 1 0 1 NONE
6 AMOUNT_SOLD 636 0 .001572327 NONE
On this table, the query executed was only on TIME_ID column and therefore, the additional statistics were on TIME_ID column.
Coming back to TEST_SELECTIVITY. Now, we have a Frequency Histograms on PROMO_ID Column and Height Balanced Histogram on AMOUNT_SOLD column. Until 11g, we had these 2 types of Histograms. 12c introduced TopN Frequency and Hybrid Histograms, which I will cover in the last part of this series. I am on 12c and therefore, to generate Frequency and Height Balanced Histograms, I had to use estimate_percent as 100 (more on this in the next blog).
Frequency Histograms are generated if the number of distinct values are less than the number of Buckets. These Buckets, if not specified during statistics gathering, defaults to 254. PROMO_ID column has 4 distinct values, whereas, AMOUNT_SOLD has 636, which is more than 254 and hence Height Balanced Histograms. Lets execute our queries on these 2 columns and check the CARDINALITY estimates.
select column_id, column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls,
density, histogram
from dba_tab_columns
where owner='SCOTT'
and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'
order by 1;
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
---------- ----------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- --------------------
1 PROD_ID 72 0 .013888889 NONE
2 CUST_ID 7056 0 .000141723 NONE
3 TIME_ID 1096 0 .000912409 NONE
4 PROMO_ID 4 0 .000000625 FREQUENCY
5 QUANTITY_SOLD 1 0 1 NONE
6 AMOUNT_SOLD 636 0 .0018217 HEIGHT BALANCED
Since we have additional statistics, lets check the details from DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS for this column.
SQL> select ENDPOINT_NUMBER, ENDPOINT_VALUE
2 from dba_tab_histograms
3 where table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'
4 and column_name='PROMO_ID'
5 order by 1;
ENDPOINT_NUMBER ENDPOINT_VALUE
--------------- --------------
2074 33
20052 350
22297 351
800000 999
For the Frequency Histogram, the data is stored in a cumulative manner. The Endpoint_number stores the cumulative number of rows and the Endpoint_value stores the actual column value. For example, for PROMO_ID=33, we expect 2074 rows, for PROMO_ID=350, we expect 20052-2074=17981 rows, for PROMO_ID=351, we expect 22297-20052=2245 rows and so on.. Lets run the queries for each of these PROMO_ID’s.
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity where promo_id=999;
777703 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 777K| 9873K| 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 777K| 9873K| 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=999)
The Optimizer Calculation for cardinality matches the actual number of rows fetched. For other values too, these were perfectly matching (see below).
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity where promo_id=350;
17978 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 17978 | 228K| 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 17978 | 228K| 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=350)
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity where promo_id=33;
2074 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 2074 | 26962 | 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 2074 | 26962 | 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=33)
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity where promo_id=351;
2245 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 2245 | 29185 | 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 2245 | 29185 | 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=351)
Perfect. The calculation in this case is very simple. Take the values from DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS and get the accurate CARDINALITY. However, this stands good for the values that exists and are part of the histograms. What if we run a query against a value that doesn’t exists in the table or had no rows when the stats were gathered, but have few or more rows when the queries are executed against this value ? This value will have no cumulative data into DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS. In such cases, will Optimizer fall back to CARDINALITY = SELECTIVITY x NUM_ROWS, where SELECTIVITY is DENSITY ? Lets check.
select column_id, column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls,
density, histogram
from dba_tab_columns
where owner='SCOTT'
and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'
and column_name='PROMO_ID';
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
---------- ----------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- --------------------
4 PROMO_ID 4 0 .000000625 FREQUENCY
SQL> select &&optdensity * 800000 Cardinality from dual;
old 1: select &&optdensity * 800000 Cardinality from dual
new 1: select .000000625 * 800000 Cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
.5
If the Density is considered as a SELECTIVITY, the expected CARDINALITY will be 1 (ceil of 0.5). I will run a query with PROMO_ID=500, which doesn’t exists.
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select * from test_selectivity where promo_id=500;
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1037 | 25925 | 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 1037 | 25925 | 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=500)
Actual Number of Rows are ZERO, Optimizer Estimated as 1037 and SELECTIVITY (density) based expected was 1. ZERO v/s 1037, a huge mis-estimate. Also, we can see that with histograms, optimizer does not consider DENSITY column. How do we get the calculation ? Here, 10053 trace file comes handy. Lets generate a 10053 trace for a non-existent value and see the relevant portion that contains the calculation.
SINGLE TABLE ACCESS PATH
Single Table Cardinality Estimation for TEST_SELECTIVITY[A]
SPD: Return code in qosdDSDirSetup: NOCTX, estType = TABLE
Column (#4):
NewDensity:0.001296, OldDensity:0.000001 BktCnt:800000.000000, PopBktCnt:800000.000000, PopValCnt:4, NDV:4
Column (#4): PROMO_ID(NUMBER)
AvgLen: 4 NDV: 4 Nulls: 0 <b?Density: 0.001296 Min: 33.000000 Max: 999.000000
Histogram: Freq #Bkts: 4 UncompBkts: 800000 EndPtVals: 4 ActualVal: yes
Table: TEST_SELECTIVITY Alias: A
Card: Original: 800000.000000 Rounded: 1037 Computed: 1037.000000 Non Adjusted: 1037.000000
As per 10053, the Rounded and Computed Cardinality is 1037. The Density is 0.001296. However, the Density from DBA_TAB_COLUMNS is .000000625. There are two additional statistics : NewDensity and OldDensity. OldDensity is 0.000001, which is the rounded off value for the actual Density stored in DBA_TAB_COLUMNS i.e .000000625. What is NewDensity ? The value against this is used as a final Density to calculate the Cardinality i.e.0.001296*800000 = 1037. It seems, for a non-existent value, Optimizer computes this NewDensity and uses this as a SELECTIVITY to come out with the Expected Cardinality.
The calculation for NewDensity, in case of Frequency Histogram is 50% of the lowest number of rows in DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS, which is 0.5 x 2074/NUM_ROWS = 0.00129625. So, NewDensity becomes the SELECTIVITY and CARDINALITY is SELECTIVITY x NUM_ROWS, 0.00129625 x 800000 = 1037(see below).
select promo_Id, count(*) from test_selectivity group by promo_id order by 2;
PROMO_ID COUNT(*)
---------- ----------
33 2074 select 0.5*2074/800000 NewDensity from dual;
NEWDENSITY
----------
.00129625
SQL> select round(&&new_density*800000,0) from dual;
old 1: select round(&&new_density*800000,0) from dual
new 1: select round( .00129625*800000,0) from dual
ROUND(.00129625*800000,0)
-------------------------
1037
Before we get into more details, let us check the Height Balanced Histograms. We have a Height Balanced Histogram on Amount_Sold Column.
SQL> select column_id, column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls,
2 density, histogram
3 from dba_tab_columns
4 where owner='SCOTT'
5 and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'
6 and column_name='AMOUNT_SOLD'
7 order by 1;
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
---------- ----------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- --------------------
6 AMOUNT_SOLD 636 0 .0018217 HEIGHT BALANCED
We have 636 Distinct Values for this column and the maximum number of Buckets are 254. The way these histograms are generated is that the number of rows in the table is equally divided into 254 buckets. The Maximum value for each of the bucket is calculated and then the buckets are compressed, if a value spans across more than 1 Bucket. I executed a query, which is similar to the query executed by the Optimizer during the statistics gathering (see below).
SQL> select bucket, count(*), min(amount_sold) min_amt, max(amount_sold) max_amt from (
2 select amount_sold, ntile(254) over (order by amount_sold) bucket
3 from test_selectivity
4 order by amount_sold)
5 group by bucket
6 order by 1;
BUCKET COUNT(*) MIN_AMT MAX_AMT
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 3150 6 7
2 3150 7 7
3 3150 7 7 <-- Popular Value (3 Buckets)
4 3150 7 8
5 3150 8 8
6 3150 8 8
7 3150 8 8
8 3150 8 8
9 3150 8 8
10 3150 8 8
11 3150 8 8 <-- Popular Value (8 Buckets)
12 3150 8 9
13 3150 9 9
14 3150 9 9
15 3150 9 9
16 3150 9 9
17 3150 9 9
18 3150 9 9
19 3150 9 9
20 3150 9 9
21 3150 9 9 <-- Popular Value (10 Buckets)
22 3150 9 10
23 3150 10 10
24 3150 10 10
25 3150 10 10
26 3150 10 10
27 3150 10 10
28 3150 10 10
29 3150 10 10
30 3150 10 10
31 3150 10 10
32 3150 10 10
33 3150 10 11
34 3150 11 11
35 3150 11 11
36 3150 11 11
37 3150 11 11
38 3150 11 11
39 3150 11 11
40 3150 11 11
41 3150 11 11
42 3150 11 12
43 3150 12 12
44 3150 12 12
45 3150 12 12
46 3150 12 13
47 3150 13 13
48 3150 13 13
49 3150 13 13
50 3150 13 13
51 3150 13 13
52 3150 13 13
53 3150 13 13
54 3150 13 14
55 3150 14 14
56 3150 14 14
57 3150 14 14
58 3150 14 15 <-- Non-Popular (Only 1 Bucket)
59 3150 15 16
60 3150 16 16
61 3150 16 17
62 3150 17 17
63 3150 17 17
64 3150 17 17
65 3150 17 18 <-- Non-Popular (1 Bucket)
66 3150 18 19
67 3150 19 19
68 3150 19 19
69 3150 19 20
70 3150 20 20
71 3150 20 21
72 3150 21 21
73 3150 21 21
74 3150 21 21
75 3150 21 21
76 3150 21 21
77 3150 21 22
78 3150 22 22
79 3150 22 22
80 3150 22 22
81 3150 22 22
82 3150 22 23
83 3150 23 23
84 3150 23 23
85 3150 23 23
86 3150 23 23
87 3150 23 24
88 3150 24 24
89 3150 24 24
90 3150 24 24
91 3150 24 24
92 3150 24 25
93 3150 25 25
94 3150 25 25
95 3150 25 25
96 3150 25 25
97 3150 25 26
98 3150 26 26
99 3150 26 26
100 3150 26 26
101 3150 26 27
102 3150 27 27
103 3150 27 28
104 3150 28 28
105 3150 28 28
106 3150 28 28
107 3150 28 29
108 3150 29 29
109 3150 29 29
110 3150 29 30
111 3150 30 30
112 3150 30 30
113 3150 30 30
114 3150 30 30
115 3150 30 31
116 3150 31 31
117 3150 31 31
118 3150 31 32
119 3150 32 32
120 3150 32 33
121 3150 33 33
122 3150 33 33
123 3150 33 34
124 3150 34 34
125 3150 34 34
126 3150 34 35
127 3150 35 36
128 3150 36 36
129 3150 36 38
130 3150 38 38
131 3150 38 38
132 3150 38 39
133 3150 39 39
134 3150 39 39
135 3150 39 40
136 3150 40 40
137 3150 40 41
138 3150 41 41
139 3150 41 42
140 3150 42 42
141 3150 42 43
142 3150 43 43
143 3150 43 45
144 3150 45 45
145 3150 45 46
146 3150 46 46
147 3150 46 46
148 3150 46 46
149 3150 46 46
150 3150 46 46
151 3150 46 47
152 3150 47 47
153 3150 47 47
154 3150 47 47
155 3149 47 47
156 3149 47 47
157 3149 47 47
158 3149 47 47
159 3149 47 48
160 3149 48 48
161 3149 48 48
162 3149 48 48
163 3149 48 48
164 3149 48 48
165 3149 48 48
166 3149 48 48
167 3149 48 49
168 3149 49 49
169 3149 49 49
170 3149 49 49
171 3149 49 49
172 3149 49 49
173 3149 49 49
174 3149 49 49
175 3149 49 50
176 3149 50 50
177 3149 50 51
178 3149 51 51
179 3149 51 51
180 3149 51 51
181 3149 51 51
182 3149 51 52
183 3149 52 52
184 3149 52 52
185 3149 52 53
186 3149 53 53
187 3149 53 53
188 3149 53 54
189 3149 54 54
190 3149 54 54
191 3149 54 55
192 3149 55 56
193 3149 56 56
194 3149 56 57
195 3149 57 57
196 3149 57 58
197 3149 58 58
198 3149 58 59
199 3149 59 60
200 3149 60 60
201 3149 60 62
202 3149 62 62
203 3149 62 63
204 3149 63 63
205 3149 63 64
206 3149 64 64
207 3149 64 65
208 3149 65 66
209 3149 66 70
210 3149 70 72
211 3149 72 74
212 3149 74 79
213 3149 79 90
214 3149 90 94
215 3149 94 97
216 3149 97 101
217 3149 101 113
218 3149 113 115
219 3149 115 117
220 3149 117 123
221 3149 123 125
222 3149 125 127
223 3149 127 131
224 3149 131 136
225 3149 136 151
226 3149 151 158
227 3149 158 163
228 3149 163 170
229 3149 170 180
230 3149 180 199
231 3149 199 203
232 3149 203 208
233 3149 208 211
234 3149 211 214
235 3149 214 225
236 3149 225 302
237 3149 302 307
238 3149 307 531
239 3149 531 552
240 3149 552 594
241 3149 594 602
242 3149 602 629
243 3149 629 900
244 3149 900 973
245 3149 973 1016
246 3149 1016 1054
247 3149 1054 1093
248 3149 1093 1192
249 3149 1192 1237
250 3149 1237 1301
251 3149 1301 1463
252 3149 1463 1546
253 3149 1546 1639
254 3149 1639 1783
254 rows selected.
Total Number of rows in this table is 800000 divided by 254 Buckets is 3149 Rows. From the output above, it can be seen that each bucket has 3149 rows and there are some popular and non-popular values. For example : 7.8.9 are Popular (there are other popular values as well) and 15,18 are Non-Popular (there are other non-popular values as well). Popular values are values spanning across 2 or more Buckets. Non-Popular Values are values with 1 or less bucket. Finally, when the histogram is generated, the popular buckets are compressed to save dictionary space and the resultant output from DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAM is as under.
SQL> select ENDPOINT_NUMBER, ENDPOINT_VALUE
2 from dba_tab_histograms
3 where table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'
4 and column_name='AMOUNT_SOLD'
5 order by 1;
ENDPOINT_NUMBER ENDPOINT_VALUE
--------------- --------------
0 6 <-- Popular Value
3 7 <-- Popular Value (3-0=3 Buckets)
11 8 <-- Popular Value (11-3=8 Buckets)
21 9 <-- Popular Value (21-11=10 Buckets)
32 10
41 11
45 12
53 13
57 14
58 15 <-- Non-Popular Value (58-57=1 Bucket)
60 16
64 17
65 18
68 19
70 20
76 21
81 22
86 23
91 24
96 25
100 26
102 27
106 28
109 29
114 30
117 31
119 32
122 33
125 34
126 35
128 36
131 38
134 39
136 40
138 41
140 42
142 43
144 45
150 46
158 47
166 48
174 49
176 50
181 51
184 52
187 53
190 54
191 55
193 56
195 57
197 58
198 59
200 60
202 62
204 63
206 64
207 65
208 66
209 70
210 72
211 74
212 79
213 90
214 94
215 97
216 101
217 113
218 115
219 117
220 123
221 125
222 127
223 131
224 136
225 151
226 158
227 163
228 170
229 180
230 199
231 203
232 208
233 211
234 214
235 225
236 302
237 307
238 531
239 552
240 594
241 602
242 629
243 895
244 973
245 1016
246 1054
247 1093
248 1192
249 1237
250 1301
251 1463
252 1546
253 1639
254 1783
104 rows selected.
254 Buckets are compressed into 104 Buckets. The CARDINALITY calculations, in these cases are very simple. For Popular Value, it is 3149 (number of rows in each bucket) multiplied by number of Buckets. Let us run the queries and see the results.
## For 2 Buckets
SQL> select * from test_selectivity where amount_sold=56;
6204 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.16
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 6299 | 153K| 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 6299 | 153K| 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("AMOUNT_SOLD"=56)
## For 10 Buckets
SQL> select * from test_selectivity where amount_sold=9;
31964 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.64
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 31496 | 768K| 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 31496 | 768K| 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("AMOUNT_SOLD"=9)
For Non-Popular or Non-Existent values.
Will it be DENSITY x NUM_ROWS ? i.e. 0.0018217 x 800000 = 1457. Lets run the query to check this.
SQL> select column_id, column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls,
2 density, histogram
3 from dba_tab_columns
4 where owner='SCOTT'
5 and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'
6 and column_name='AMOUNT_SOLD'
7 order by 1;
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
---------- ----------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- --------------------
6 AMOUNT_SOLD 636 0 .0018217 HEIGHT BALANCED
SQL> select &&densit*800000 from dual;
old 1: select &&densit*800000 from dual
new 1: select .0018217*800000 from dual
.0018217*800000
---------------
1457.36
The Cardinality for non-popular values, as can be seen after executing the queries is as under.
SQL> select * from test_selectivity where amount_sold=55;
3372 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.11
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 285 | 7125 | 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 285 | 7125 | 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("AMOUNT_SOLD"=55)
Value 55 is a Non-Popular Value. We expected the expected cardinality as 1457, but it is 285. Let us generate a 10053 trace for this and check the trace.
SINGLE TABLE ACCESS PATH
Single Table Cardinality Estimation for TEST_SELECTIVITY[A]
SPD: Return code in qosdDSDirSetup: NOCTX, estType = TABLE
Column (#6):
NewDensity:0.000356, OldDensity:0.001822 BktCnt:254.000000, PopBktCnt:201.000000, PopValCnt:50, NDV:636
Column (#6): AMOUNT_SOLD(NUMBER)
AvgLen: 4 NDV: 636 Nulls: 0 Density: 0.000356 Min: 6.000000 Max: 1783.000000
Histogram: HtBal #Bkts: 254 UncompBkts: 254 EndPtVals: 104 ActualVal: yes
Table: TEST_SELECTIVITY Alias: A
Card: Original: 800000.000000 Rounded: 285 Computed: 284.862003 Non Adjusted: 284.862003
We see a similar pattern here. NewDensity is used as a SELECTIVITY to compute the CARDINALITY (0.000356×800000=285). How is this NewDensity calculated for Height Balanced Histograms ? It is computed as :
[(NPBKTCNT)/(BKTCNT * (NDV – POPVALCNT))]
From the 10053 trace, we can get the values of each of these. BKTCNT (Bucket Count) is 254, POPBKCNT (Popular Bucket Count) are 201. This makes NPBKCNT as 254-201=53. NDV (Number of Distinct Values is 636 and POPVALCNT (Popular Value Counts) are 50. Applying these values, we get [53/(254 *(636-50))] = .000356078
SQL> select (53/(254*(636-50))) newdensity from dual;
NEWDENSITY
----------
.000356078
SQL> select ceil(&&ndensit * 800000) from dual;
old 1: select ceil(&&ndensit * 800000) from dual
new 1: select ceil(.000356078 * 800000) from dual
CEIL(.000356078*800000)
-----------------------
285
NewDensity, I assume, was introduced in 11g, but is backported in 10204 as well. This was introduced as a Bug Fix. However, in our case, this is actually causing a mis-estimation. How do we disable this fix? The solution is disabling the fix_control 5483301 and setting _optimizer_enable_density_improvements to FALSE. Both these needs to be set together. We will set this at the session level and see the results for a Non-Existent value in a Frequency Histogram and a Non-Popular value in a Height Balanced Histogram.
SQL> alter session set "_fix_control"='5483301:off';
SQL> alter session set "_optimizer_enable_density_improvements"=false;
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select * from test_selectivity where promo_id=500;
no rows selected
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 25 | 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 1 | 25 | 958 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=500)
SQL> select * from test_selectivity where amount_sold=55;
3372 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1457 | 36425 | 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 1457 | 36425 | 960 (2)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("AMOUNT_SOLD"=55)
With these 2 settings, the Optimizer falls back to its Original Calculation of DENSITY x NUM_ROWS for Cardinality calculation.
It had been a long posting, however, I felt this to be necessary because many people still don’t know about this NewDensity. I was myself surprised when I was working on a real life issue and came across this mis-estimation. A 10053 trace revealed NewDensity, which was new for me as well. For the real life example, see below.
select count(*) from nca.s_p_attributes a1
WHERE a1.value='olwassenen';
COUNT(*)
------------
591168
SQL> select plan_table_output from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID 79dfpvydpk710, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select count(*) from nca.s_p_attributes a1 WHERE
a1.value='olwassenen’
----------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
----------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1|
|* 2 | INDEX SKIP SCAN | SP_P_IND3 | 8|
----------------------------------------------------------
The estimated and actual is way out. 8 Rows v/s 591168 Rows. At this point, I requested a 10053 trace, which pointed me to NewDensity value. The issue was resolved by way of disabling the fix_control and setting _optimizer_enable_density_improvements to FALSE.
August 12, 2016 9 Comments
This is in continuation to my previous post, Optimizer – Part I of this series. In Part I, we covered the mathematical formulas used by the Optimizer. In this post, we shall see these calculations in action. For this, we will create a sample table and use this through out to see optimizer behaviour. So, lets create our table TEST_SELECTIVITY from SALES table under SH Schema. It is very critical to know your data. Therefore, while creating the table, I have manipulated the data to demonstrate the behaviour against the different data distribution.
exec dbms_random.seed(0);
create table test_selectivity as
select a.prod_id,
a.cust_id,
trunc(sysdate)-round(dbms_random.value(0,1095),0) time_id,
a.promo_id,
a.quantity_sold,
round(a.amount_sold,0) amount_sold
from sh.sales a
where rownum<=8e5;
The table has 800k rows. The columns of interest for our demonstrations are TIME_ID, which is populated with 3 years of data, PROMO_ID and AMOUNT_SOLD. Once the table is created, Optimizer Statistics are automatically gathered on the table (Oracle 11g and above). Let’s query all the relevant statistics.
select table_name, num_rows, blocks from dba_tables where table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'; TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS ------------------------------ ---------- ---------- TEST_SELECTIVITY 800000 3478 select column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls, density, histogram from dba_tab_columns where owner='SCOTT' and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY' order by 1; COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM ------------------ ------------ ---------- ---------- -------------------- AMOUNT_SOLD 636 0 .001572327 NONE CUST_ID 7056 0 .000141723 NONE PROD_ID 72 0 .013888889 NONE PROMO_ID 4 0 .25 NONE QUANTITY_SOLD 1 0 1 NONE TIME_ID 1096 0 .000912409 NONE 6 rows selected.
As mentioned earlier, for our demonstration, we will query the table on the three columns. AMOUNT_SOLD has 636 Distinct Values, PROMO_ID has 4 distinct values and TIME_ID has 1096 Distinct Values. In my previous blog (Part I), we discussed about SELECTIVITY, which in this case is 1/NDV for each of the columns in the table. Selectivity is very critical, as it drives the Access Path and is used to calculate the Cardinality, which drives the Access Order. Therefore, accurate calculation of Selectivity is very critical for the Optimizer.
Now, let us run our queries against each of these three columns and check the Optimizer calculation of Expected Rows against the Actual Rows. The queries will be on EQUALITY, LESS THAN and GREATER THAN predicated. Please refer to my previous blog for the calculation of SELECTIVITY for each of these predicate types. The effective CARDINALITY = SELECTIVITY X NUM_ROWS. Here we go with the first column (TIME_ID).
First lets check the Low_Value and High_Value for the TIME_ID column. These values are used for Range Predicate queries to calculate the Available Range (High_Value – Low_Value).
with function get_date(n_raw in raw) return date as l_date date; begin dbms_stats.convert_raw_value(n_raw,l_date); return l_date; end; select column_name, get_date(low_value) lo_value, get_date(high_value) hi_value from dba_tab_columns where owner='SCOTT' and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY' and data_type='DATE' order by 1; / COLUMN_NAME LO_VALUE HI_VALUE ------------------ -------------------- -------------------- TIME_ID 13-AUG-2013 00:00:00 12-AUG-2016 00:00:00
Function in WITH clause is a 12c new feature. For Oracle Database versions prior to 12c, create the function using CREATE FUNCTION clause and then used it in the query.
For the Equality Predicate, SELECTIVITY is 1/Num_Distinct and CARDINALITY = SELECTIVITY X NUM_ROWS. After calculating these, we will then run the query on this table to validate the actual number or rows.
## EQUALITY PREDICATE
SQL> select 1/&&ndv Selectivity from dual;
old 1: select 1/&&ndv Selectivity from dual
new 1: select 1/ 1096 Selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.000912409
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual
new 1: select round(.000912409*800000,0) cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
730
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity
2 where time_id=to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY');
704 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.99
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 730 | 15330 | 1088 (20)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 730 | 15330 | 1088 (20)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("TIME_ID"=TO_DATE(' 2015-12-11 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss'))
SQL> set autot off
Assumption – 730 Rows and Actual – 704 Rows (Nearly Accurate).
Next, we run a query with Less Than Predicate. The SELECTIVITY in this case will be Required_Range/Available_Range (see part I for the exact formula – Required_Range will be computed as Required_Date – Low_Value). CARDINALITY is again SELECTIVITY x NUM_ROWS
## LESS THAN PREDICATE
## Required_Range - 850 Days
SQL> select to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') req_range
2 from dual;
old 1: select to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') req_range
new 1: select to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY')-to_date('13-AUG-2013 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') req_range
REQ_RANGE
----------
850
## Available_Range - 1095 Days
SQL> select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
2 from dual;
old 1: select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
new 1: select to_date('12-AUG-2016 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('13-AUG-2013 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
AVL_RANGE
----------
1095
## Selectivity - Required_Range/Available_Range
SQL> select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual;
old 1: select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual
new 1: select 850/ 1095 Selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.776255708
## Assumed Cardinality
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual
new 1: select round(.776255708*800000,0) cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
621005
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity
2 where time_id<to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY');
620764 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:06.06
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 621K| 12M| 1125 (23)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 621K| 12M| 1125 (23)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("TIME_ID"<TO_DATE(' 2015-12-11 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss'))
Assumption – 621k Rows and Actual – 620k Rows (Nearly Accurate).
Next, the query with Greater Than Predicate and the SELECTIVITY will be again Required_Range/Available_Range. The difference, in this case, will be that High_Value will be used to calculate the Required_Range.
## GREATER THAN PREDICATE
## Required_Range - 245 Days
SQL> select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY') req_range
2 from dual;
old 1: select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY') req_range
new 1: select to_date('12-AUG-2016 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY') req_range
REQ_RANGE
----------
245
## Available_Range - 1095 Days
SQL> select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
2 from dual;
old 1: select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
new 1: select to_date('12-AUG-2016 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('13-AUG-2013 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
AVL_RANGE
----------
1095
## Selectivity - Required_Range/Available_Range
SQL> select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual;
old 1: select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual
new 1: select 245/ 1095 Selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.223744292
## Assumed Cardinality
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual
new 1: select round(.223744292*800000,0) cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
178995
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity
2 where time_id>to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY');
178532 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:02.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 178K| 3670K| 1099 (21)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 178K| 3670K| 1099 (21)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("TIME_ID">TO_DATE(' 2015-12-11 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss'))
Assumption – 178k Rows and Actual – 178k Rows (Accurate).
For Time_ID Column, the expected and actual cardinality were nearly accurate. Let’s shift our focus to the other column – AMOUNT_SOLD. We will run similar three queries – Equality, Less Than and Greater Than.
Before we execute the queries against this column, lets check the statistics (Density, Low_Value and High_Value).
## FOR AMOUNT_SOLD COLUMN select column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls, density, histogram from dba_tab_columns where owner='SCOTT' and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY' and column_name='AMOUNT_SOLD'; COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM ------------------ ------------ ---------- ---------- -------------------- AMOUNT_SOLD 636 0 .001572327 NONE with function get_number(n_raw in raw) return number as l_number number; begin dbms_stats.convert_raw_value(n_raw,l_number); return l_number; end; select column_name, get_number(low_value) lo_value, get_number(high_value) hi_value from dba_tab_columns where owner='SCOTT' and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY' and column_name='AMOUNT_SOLD'; / COLUMN_NAME LO_VALUE HI_VALUE ------------------ ---------- ---------- AMOUNT_SOLD 6 1783
All the calculation are same for this column as well.
## EQUALITY PREDICATE
SQL> select 1/&&ndv Selectivity from dual;
old 1: select 1/&&ndv Selectivity from dual
new 1: select 1/ 636 Selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.001572327
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual
new 1: select round(.001572327*800000,0) cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
1258
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity
2 where amount_sold=1500;
122 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1258 | 16354 | 1136 (24)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 1258 | 16354 | 1136 (24)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("AMOUNT_SOLD"=1500)
Assumption – 1258 Rows and Actual – 122 Rows (Out by 10 times).
## LESS THAN PREDICATE
## Required_Range
SQL> select (1500-&&min_value) req_range from dual;
old 1: select (1500-&&min_value) req_range from dual
new 1: select (1500- 6) req_range from dual
REQ_RANGE
----------
1494
## Available_Range
SQL> select (&&max_value-&&min_value) avl_range from dual;
old 1: select (&&max_value-&&min_value) avl_range from dual
new 1: select ( 1783- 6) avl_range from dual
AVL_RANGE
----------
1777
## Selectivity - Required_Range/Available_Range
SQL> select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual;
old 1: select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual
new 1: select 1494/ 1777 Selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.840742825
## Assumed Cardinality
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) Cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) Cardinality from dual
new 1: select round(.840742825*800000,0) Cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
672594
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity
2 where amount_sold<1500;
791950 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:07.57
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 672K| 8538K| 1136 (24)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 672K| 8538K| 1136 (24)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("AMOUNT_SOLD"<1500)
Assumption – 672k Rows and Actual – 791k Rows (Inaccurate).
## GREATER THAN PREDICATE
## Required_Range
SQL> select (&&max_value-1500) req_range from dual;
old 1: select (&&max_value-1500) req_range from dual
new 1: select ( 1783-1500) req_range from dual
REQ_RANGE
----------
283
## Available_range
SQL> select (&&max_value-&&min_value) avl_range from dual;
old 1: select (&&max_value-&&min_value) avl_range from dual
new 1: select ( 1783- 6) avl_range from dual
AVL_RANGE
----------
1777
## Selectivity - Required_Range/Available_Range
SQL> select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual;
old 1: select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual
new 1: select 283/ 1777 Selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.159257175
## Assumed Cardinality
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) Cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) Cardinality from dual
new 1: select round(.159257175*800000,0) Cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
127406
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity
2 where amount_sold>1500;
7928 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.12
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 127K| 1617K| 1136 (24)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 127K| 1617K| 1136 (24)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("AMOUNT_SOLD">1500)
Assumption – 127k Rows and Actual – 7928 Rows (Significantly Out).
Finally, we move to our last column of interest i.e. PROMO_ID. The distinct values in this column are 4 and the data distribution is as under:
## FOR PROMO_ID Column
select promo_id,
count(*) cnt,
round(ratio_to_report(count(*)) over()*100,2) "%age"
from test_selectivity
group by promo_id
order by 2;
PROMO_ID CNT %age
---------- ---------- ----------
33 2074 .26
351 2245 .28
350 17978 2.25
999 777703 97.21
select column_name,
num_distinct,
num_nulls,
density,
histogram
from dba_tab_columns
where owner='SCOTT'
and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY'
and column_name='PROMO_ID'
order by 1;
COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM
------------------ ------------ ---------- ---------- --------------------
PROMO_ID 4 0 .25 NONE
For this column, the we will execute 4 queries and each of these will be EQUALITY Predicates. For Equality Predicates, the calculation for SELECTIVITY is simple, which is 1/NDV or DENSITY. From DBA_TAB_COLUMNS, we can see that the DENSITY for this column is 0.25 (1/4).
## FOR PROMO_ID
## Selectivity
SQL> select 1/&&ndv selectivity from dual;
old 1: select 1/&&ndv selectivity from dual
new 1: select 1/ 4 selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.25
## Assumed Cardinality
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual
new 1: select round( .25*800000,0) cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
200000
## VALUE 999
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity where promo_id=999;
777703 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:06.89
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 200K| 2539K| 1112 (22)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 200K| 2539K| 1112 (22)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=999)
Assumption – 200k Rows and Actual – 777k Rows (Out by 4 time).
## Value 350
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity where promo_id=350;
17978 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.27
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 200K| 2539K| 1112 (22)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 200K| 2539K| 1112 (22)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=350)
Assumption – 200k Rows and Actual – 17978 Rows (Significantly Out).
## VALUE 33
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity where promo_id=33;
2074 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.22
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 200K| 2539K| 1112 (22)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 200K| 2539K| 1112 (22)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=33)
Assumption – 200k Rows and Actual – 2074 Rows (Significantly Out).
## VALUE 351
SQL> select cust_id, amount_sold, promo_id from test_selectivity where promo_id=351;
2245 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.11
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4083831454
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 200K| 2539K| 1112 (22)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY | 200K| 2539K| 1112 (22)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("PROMO_ID"=351)
Assumption – 200k Rows and Actual – 2245 Rows (Significantly Out).
Summary – So far
Let’s make a simple change in the TIME_ID column. For this, I will create another table, which will be a replica of TEST_SELECTIVITY. We will make this change in the new table, so that, we do not disturb the Original Table.
create table test_selectivity_m as
select * from test_selectivity;
update test_selectivity_m set time_id=to_date('31-Dec-2050','DD-MON-YYYY')
where rownum=1;
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(user,'TEST_SELECTIVITY_M');
select table_name, num_rows, blocks, partitioned from dba_tables
where table_name in ('TEST_SELECTIVITY','TEST_SELECTIVITY_M');
TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS PAR
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---
TEST_SELECTIVITY_M 800000 3478 NO
TEST_SELECTIVITY 800000 3478 NO
I created another table TEST_SELECTIVITY_M and updated a single row with a future date i.e.31st December 2050. Lets see, whether this minor change has any impact on the Optimizer Assumptions v/s Actuals.
with function get_date(n_raw in raw) return date as l_date date; begin dbms_stats.convert_raw_value(n_raw,l_date); return l_date; end; select column_name, num_distinct, num_nulls, density, histogram, get_date(low_value) lo_value, get_date(high_value) hi_value from dba_tab_columns where owner='SCOTT' and table_name='TEST_SELECTIVITY_M' and data_type='DATE' order by 1; / COLUMN_NAME NUM_DISTINCT NUM_NULLS DENSITY HISTOGRAM LO_VALUE HI_VALUE ------------------------------ ------------ ---------- ---------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- TIME_ID 1097 0 .000911577 NONE 13-AUG-2013 00:00:00 31-DEC-2050 00:00:00
Now, lets run the three queries on TIME_ID column against this table and see the results.
## EQUALITY PREDICATE
## Selectivity
SQL> select 1/&&ndv Selectivity from dual;
old 1: select 1/&&ndv Selectivity from dual
new 1: select 1/ 1097 Selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.000911577
## Assumed Cardinality
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual
new 1: select round(.000911577*800000,0) cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
729
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select cust_id, promo_id, amount_sold from test_selectivity_m
2 where time_id=to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY');
704 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.57
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3843949181
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 729 | 15309 | 1088 (20)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY_M | 729 | 15309 | 1088 (20)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("TIME_ID"=TO_DATE(' 2015-12-11 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss'))
Assumption – 729 Rows and Actual – 704 Rows (Nearly Accurate).
## LESS THAN PREDICATE
## Required_Range - 850 Days
SQL> select to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') req_range
2 from dual;
old 1: select to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') req_range
new 1: select to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY')-to_date('13-AUG-2013 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') req_range
REQ_RANGE
----------
850
## Available_Range - 13654 Days
SQL> select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
2 from dual;
old 1: select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
new 1: select to_date('31-DEC-2050 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('13-AUG-2013 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
AVL_RANGE
----------
13654
## Selectivity - Required_Range/Available_Range
SQL> select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual;
old 1: select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual
new 1: select 850/ 13654 Selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.06225282
## Assumed Cardinality
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual
new 1: select round( .06225282*800000,0) cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
49802
SQL> select cust_id, promo_id, amount_sold from test_selectivity_m
2 where time_id<to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY');
620764 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:06.41
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3843949181
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 49802 | 1021K| 1091 (21)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY_M | 49802 | 1021K| 1091 (21)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("TIME_ID"<TO_DATE(' 2015-12-11 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss'))
Assumption – 49k Rows and Actual – 620k Rows (Significantly Out).
## GREATER THAN PREDICATE
## Required_Range - 12804 Days
SQL> select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY') req_range
2 from dual;
old 1: select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY') req_range
new 1: select to_date('31-DEC-2050 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY') req_range
REQ_RANGE
----------
12804
## Available_range - 13654 Days
SQL> select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
2 from dual;
old 1: select to_date('&&max_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('&&min_value','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
new 1: select to_date('31-DEC-2050 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')-to_date('13-AUG-2013 00:00:00','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') avl_range
AVL_RANGE
----------
13654
## Selectivity - Required_range/Available_range
SQL> select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual;
old 1: select &&r_range/&&a_range Selectivity from dual
new 1: select 12804/ 13654 Selectivity from dual
SELECTIVITY
-----------
.93774718
## Assumed Cardinality
SQL> select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual;
old 1: select round(&&selective*800000,0) cardinality from dual
new 1: select round( .93774718*800000,0) cardinality from dual
CARDINALITY
-----------
750198
SQL> select cust_id, promo_id, amount_sold from test_selectivity_m
2 where time_id>to_date('11-DEC-2015','DD-MON-YYYY');
178532 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:02.15
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3843949181
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 750K| 15M| 1133 (24)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_SELECTIVITY_M | 750K| 15M| 1133 (24)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("TIME_ID">TO_DATE(' 2015-12-11 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss'))
Assumption – 750k Rows and Actual – 178k Rows (Out by 4 Times).
Final Summary:
A minor change in the data had changed our Summary on Time_ID column. In case of our TEST_SELECTIVITY Table, the Optimizer estimation for Time_ID was nearly accurate, whereas, for other 2 columns, it was way out. What could be the reason ? Remember, accurate Selectivity and Cardinality is critical as it can have an impact on Access Path and Access Order respectively. Any discrepancy can cause a sub-optimal plan. Optimizer is a piece of code and completely depends on the Statistics that we gather and provide to it as an input. Therefore, the solution to these discrepancies has to be with us. In the next blog, which will be Part III of this series, we will cover the problem and the solution to fix this discrepancy, but that fix will cause problems for few cases and we shall cover those as well.
June 28, 2016 6 Comments
Just concluded a Full Day Event on Performance in Chandigarh for the North India Chapter of “All India Oracle User Group”. As committed in my earlier user group update blog, I thought for the benefit of the readers, posting the technical details on Optimizer, especially histograms, would help. Another reason, this is important is these sessions are attended by Developer communities as well and grasping everything in one session is very difficult. writeup will help them understand this critical piece.
I usually blog on real life challenges. The motivation behind this blog as well is an issue that I was working on and the fix that I applied to resolve it. This will be discussed at a relevant time and in a relevant part of this series.
I will publish a 4 part series, starting with the basics of Optimizer, the formulaes and then few examples with its various calculations. The series will be divided into 4 parts, such as :
In the context of the Optimizer, the two terminologies commonly used are SELECTIVITY and CARDINALITY.
SELECTVITY :It is measured as a percentage of rows that would be returned from or filtered out of a row set. Thus the Selectivity of a predicate indicates how many rows pass a predicate test. Selectivity ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. A Selectivity of 0.0 means no rows are selected from a row set, whereas a selectivity of 1.0 means all the rows are selected. A predicate become more Selective as the values approaches 0.0 and less selective if it approaches 1.0. It drives the Access Path for example, tablescan or an Index Scan. With No Histograms, Selectivity for a column is computed as 1/NUM_DISTINCT or DENSITY.
CARDINALITY :Cardinality is the estimated number of rows returned by each operation in an Execution Plan. The Optimizer determines cardinality for each operation based on complex set of formulas that use both, the table and column level statistics or dynamic statistics. Cardinality estimates must be as accurate as possible because they influence all aspects of an execution plan. Cardinality is important when the Optimizer determines the cost of a Join. For example, in a Nested Loop Join between an EMP and DEPT table, the number of rows returned by EMP table determines how often the DEPT table will be probed. Cardinality drives the Access Order.
Just to simplify, for a Gender column with M & F (2 Distinct Values), the selectivity will be 1/2 or 0.5. If this table has around 100 rows, then the Cardinality will be Selectivity X Num_Rows, which is 0.5 x 100 = 50.
For a 100 row table with 2 columns, each with distinct values as 4 and 2, the combined selectivity (for AND predicate) will be 0.5 X 0.25 = 0.125 and the Cardinality will be 0.125 X 100 = 12.5 rounded off to 13.
Selectivity Calculation
Assume Column C
NDV is the Number of Distinct Values
minv is the Minumim Value for C
maxv is the Maximum Value for C
The formulae for Selectivity Calculation would be as under :
In case of a Range Predicate (<, , >=), the Numerator part is called as the Required Range and the Denominator Part is called as an Available Range.
Once the Selectivity is derived, Cardinality will be Selectivity multiplied by the Number of Rows. For multiple predicates involved, the Selectivity of each of these is derived based on above formulas and then used based on AND or OR predicates. For example :
This was the first part of this series. In the next part, we will create a sample table and run through each of these formulas.
April 26, 2016 1 Comment
Presented almost after a gap of 5 years at Chennai. It was a good crowd. Now turn for the Mumbai event on 30th April 2016. I plan to blog a series of fundamentals on Optimizer with basics to Histograms for my readers. I will start this post my Mumbai Event. This will help the attendees to understand the concept well.
